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Ingredients: Peanuts, spice mix (salt, potato starch, sugar, monosodium glutamate, autolyzed yeast, corn maltodextrin, corn starch, spices, hydrolyzed soya protein, smoke flavour, vegetable oil [canola and/or sunflower oil], onion powder, garlic powder, BHA, propyl gallate, citric acid), tapioca dextrin
Peanuts:
Why is this ingredient added:
Peanuts are the main ingredient in dry roasted peanuts.
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Peanuts are a legume, but are considered to be similar to tree nuts in usage. Peanuts are low in carbs, while being rich in proteins, healthy fats, fibre, L-arginine, vitamin E, various vitamins and minerals, and antioxidants. Studies have also shown that peanuts may protect the human body from serious illnesses, such as heart disease (peanuts are heart-health certified), cancer, diabetes, etc. Peanuts can also help maintain or lose weight in a healthy way (2).
Potential health risks:
Peanut allergies are not rare and can call for adverse health risks if consumed. Apart from allergies, peanuts are not associated with many health concerns. However, occasional aflatoxin poisoning may occur. Peanuts may be contaminated with mold which can cause a loss of appetite and yellow discoloration of the eyes. If severe, liver cancer or liver failure may occur. Proper drying of peanuts and keeping temperature and humidity low can be done to avoid this. Furthermore, antinutrients can be found in peanuts. They reduce and damage the body’s ability to absorb nutrients (2).
Recommendation:
The recommended amount is about a handful or approximately 1-2 ounces of peanuts per day (11).
Spice Mix:
Salt:
Purpose
Salt is found in many food items to enhance the taste while acting as a preservative (14).
What it does and health effects on the organs:
Salt is essential in the body as it is responsible for the electrolytes that carry the brain’s electrical signals throughout the body (14)
Potential health risks:
A high salt intake or consuming the recommended amount can cause high blood pressure due to osmosis. (14). The kidneys may have trouble removing excess salt to the point where the body cells start to contain more water due to osmosis, causing the volume of blood to increase and leading to high blood pressure, heart attacks, and strokes (1). High blood pressure can lead to aneurysms, which can lead to life threatening internal bleeding (14). Over consumption can also result in kidney failure by damaging blood vessels, thereby hurting kidney function and leading to a build up of water and waste in the body (1). Sexual dysfunction, stroke, heart attack and failure, kidney failure/disease, vision loss are all complications from high blood pressure (14)
Recommendation:
The amount of salt present in yeast should cause no problems. It is recommended to have 1.5 grams for adults and 1 gram for children. Try not to go over 2.3 grams of salt as recommended by the American Heart Association and Canadian Heart and Stroke Organization (4, 9, 42)
Potato Starch:
Why is this ingredient added:
Potato starch is a fine, powdery substance that is often used to thicken fluids, but in this snack, it increases crispiness.
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Being a resistant starch, potato starch is not digested in the stomach or small intestine, and in essence does NOT cause a spike in blood glucose levels/insulin. This means the pancreas works at a healthy and efficient rate, producing the amount of enzymes and hormones the body needs. Potato starch has high levels of B6 and vitamins that are responsible for energy conversion (27). A beneficial result of this is feeling less tired (energy is being spent efficiently) and having less of a feeling of “empty calories,” in which the feeling of “empty calories” can lead to overeating, weight gain, and related health issues (27).
Potential health risks:
Potato starches have shown to be very beneficial to health in a variety of ways. Thus, there are not noticeable or major health risks if consumed in moderation.
Recommendation:
Health Canada recommends 130 gram of carbohydrates per day, from primarily whole foods, but can include some processed items like potato starch.
Sugar:
Why is this ingredient added:
Sugar is often used in many products to modify the taste of food items in order to make them sweeter.
Health Benefits:
Simple sugar is often known as glucose. Sugar can be used as energy and is considered crucial to function, and is the preferred source of fuel for the body (24).
Potential health risks:
Sugar is fine in moderation; however, added sugar can cause heart disease, obesity or weight gain, increase the probability of chronic inflammation, and makes the liver synthesize more “bad” LDL cholesterol while lowering ”good” HDL cholesterol (31). Inflammation may cause fatigue, fever, mouth sores, rashes, abdominal pain, and chest pain. (17). Chronic inflammation can also contribute to heart disease, diabetes and cancer (17). There is also a direct connection between sugar intake and increased blood pressure (17).
Recommendation:
The recommended amount of sugar intake is not more than 25 to 30 grams of sugar per day (34). It’s better to consume less while getting more of our energy from more complex carbohydrates.
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG):
Why is this ingredient added:
Monosodium glutamate enhances the consumer’s sense of flavour by stimulating the mouth’s taste receptors (29). The flavour stimulating is known as “umami,” meaning savory and hearty.
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Since MSG inhibits taste receptors and increases appetite, those with conditions that cause loss of appetite (including age and illnesses, such as cancer) may be more likely to get the nutrients they need if their appetite is reinforced. Also, MSG can be used as a substitution for salt, which is commonly found in processed foods and poses many health risks (29).
Potential health risks:
Monosodium glutamate is a flavour enhancer that is generally considered “safe”, but limited benefits are gained from the consumption of this ingredient (21).
There is no definitive evidence that links MSG to these symptoms (21).
- Tingling
- Chest pain/heart palpitations & nausea
- Headaches
- Tightening of facial muscles as well as numbness
Although there is no link, consumers may experience small individual reactions towards MSG, in which case those who do have reactions against MSG should avoid MSG.
Recommendation:
The accepted amount of MSG that is presumed to be safe by the FDA is not more than 3 grams per day (43), which is much higher in MSG enriched foods (43).
Autolyzed Yeast:
Why is this ingredient added:
Autolyzed yeast enhances the flavour of the food product and provides flavour neutralization. It also adds nutritional value (3).
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Autolyzed yeast is an important part of dry roasted peanuts as it is a rich type of yeast that can provide nutritional benefits. This “Baker’s yeast” is high in protein and B-vitamins, making it a viable source of usable energy throughout the body and its organs (3).
Potential health risks:
This type of nutritional yeast may cause migraines (due to the amino acid “tyramine”, which may increase blood pressure) and inflammation-related issues, such as skin rashes and interference with the digestive process. As autolyzed yeast is high in fiber, consuming too much can cause discomfort in the digestive system, leading to possible effects, including diarrhea and abdominal pain. Additionally, the overconsumption of autolyzed yeast is known to worsen symptoms in those with Crohn’s disease (inflammation anywhere in the digestive tract) (3).
Recommendation:
The recommended amount of autolyzed yeast consumed is not more than 2 tablespoons per day (3).
Corn Maltodextrin:
Why is this ingredient added:
The maltodextrin is used to prevent crystallization and to thicken, or bind, ingredients. It can also increase shelf life of the given product (25).
Health Benefits:
Has high energy content. Athletes and those who want energy or gain weight consume maltodextrin as it gives the body a lot of energy (25).
Potential health risks:
Corn maltodextrin is safe to consume in small amounts, however, it may impose different health effects on the body if consumed irresponsibly. Corn maltodextrin can cause weight gain and obesity from the starch content (high on the GI), which can lead to a lot of health problems (25). Those allergic to this ingredient may show symptoms like skin irritation, asthma, cramping, or difficulty breathing (25).
Recommendation:
Maltodextrin is found in many food items and is safe in small amounts as it can spike sugar and insulin levels (25). Daily consumption should not be higher than 10 grams a day; however, people with diabetes or want to lose weight should be careful and consume less.
Corn Starch:
Why is this ingredient added:
Corn starch is a fine, powdery substance that is often used to thicken fluids, but in this snack, it increases crispiness.
Possible positive health effects on organs:
Corn starch only has reasonable amounts of calories and carbohydrates. Other than that, there are no other health benefits (27).
Potential health risks:
Corn starch is high in calories and carbohydrates, while lacking other essential nutrients. Blood sugar levels may increase as well due to its high glycemic index, which is a measure of the susceptibility of the food to blood sugar levels. The carbohydrates may also harm heart health.
Recommendation:
Corn starch can be used in very low amounts of about 8-16 grams at a time. If you have diabetes, consider further limiting consumption of corn starch.
Spices:
Why is this ingredient added:
Spices are used in products as natural flavouring, colouring additives, and shelf life agents.
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
The health benefits of spices vary from spice to spice and between sub-spices as well (12).
Potential health risks:
Spices are generally considered to be healthy for use and consumption. However, if uncertain, check the FDA for more information about specific types of spices (12).
Recommendation:
The recommended amount of spice added into any dish or snack is approximately ½ teaspoon (12).
Hydrolyzed Soya Protein:
Why is this ingredient added:
Chemically similar to MSG (monosodium glutamate), hydrolyzed soya protein is a flavour enhancer commonly used in processed foods.
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Hydrolyzed soya protein aids in building muscle mass, losing weight and may aid digestion (16).
Potential health risks:
Studies do not confirm the health risks of hydrolyzed soya protein. However, this ingredient should be part of a balanced diet (food groups, proteins, minerals, etc.) (16).
Recommendation:
As long as hydrolyzed soya protein is integrated into a balanced diet, there is no particular daily recommendation. If the consumer is taking prescribed medications, it’s always a good idea to check with a medical professional before consuming hydrolyzed soya protein.
Smoke Flavour:
Why is this ingredient added:
The smoke flavour is added to provide an appetizing base for the spice mix, an essential component of Dry Roasted Peanuts (39).
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
The smoke flavour does not have particular health benefits (39).
Potential health risks:
There is a concern about the dangers of smoke flavouring. A group of students at MIT observed the effects of smoke flavouring on cells. They found that adding more smoke flavouring to cells increased mutagenic activity, meaning that the cells are more likely to develop cancer. However, more research is needed to substantiate these findings (39).
Recommendation:
There is not a specific recommendation for the amount of smoke flavour one should include in their daily consumption. The consumer may judge whether the concentration of the smokey flavour is satisfactory for them (39).
Vegetable Oil (Canola and/or Sunflower Oil):
Why is this ingredient added:
For dry roasted peanuts, vegetable oil is used to cook them, add flavour and help with texture.
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Vegetable oil can be a healthy source of fat, however, some types of vegetable oil are not. Sunflower oil is considered to be one of the healthiest oils on the market as it has polyunsaturated fats to help lower “bad” cholesterol (35). Canola oil has monounsaturated fats which also helps lower “bad” cholesterol (35).
Potential health risks :
Vegetable oil can affect your brain as the trans fat in vegetable oil can escalate the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Trans fat can also be harmful to heart health and has been linked to prostate cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer. The trans fat in vegetable oil can negatively impact cholesterol, boost the risk of coronary artery disease and cardiac events, cause inflammation on blood vessels, and inhibit key enzymes that regulate blood flow (35).
Recommendation:
The average woman can consume 5-6 teaspoons of oil in a day, and the average man can consume 6-7 teaspoons per day of vegetable oil.
Onion Powder:
Why is this ingredient added:
Onion powder is used as a seasoning (40).
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Onion powder has an abundance of iron that can enrich oxygen flow in the blood. As well as that, potassium (electrolyte that regulates nerve function and the heartbeat), zinc (makes proteins for DNA and fights off infections), and vitamin B6 (energy production) can be found in it. Onion powder can help lessen heart problems because it is abundant in antioxidants. Antioxidants are molecules that can fight other compounds known as free radicals. Free radicals can cause harm to your body, which make antioxidants crucial for healthy living. Onion powder is also rich in calcium. Regular intake of onion powder can improve bone density, reduce the risk of osteoporosis, reduce the risk of bone breakage, and improve the bone mineral content (40). Although with so many benefits, the amount in dry roasted peanuts is pretty small for the benefits to take effect.
Potential health risks and HOW those risks occur:
There are no reported health risks of onion powder, but overconsumption of onions can cause gas and bloating due to its high carbohydrate content (41).
Recommendation:
There are no limits on dosage, but it is advised to consult professionals if you are planning on consuming large quantities of onion powder over a long period of time (41).
Garlic Powder:
Why is this ingredient added:
Garlic powder is very frequently used in spice blends and to provide an extra source of seasoning. In low-sodium dishes and snacks, garlic powder tends to be particularly prominent.
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Like onion powder, garlic powder also has an abundance of iron that can enrich oxygen flow in the blood (18). As well as that, potassium, zinc, and vitamin B6 can be found here. Additionally, garlic powder can lower cholesterol levels (reduces cholesterol levels in stool and the walls of arteries), boost immunity (contains enzymes that protect against viruses, bacteria, and fungus), and prevent some forms of cancer (sulfur compounds in garlic powder can reduce the risk of colon cancer and stomach cancer) (15).
Potential health risks and HOW those risks occur:
The only actual complication of garlic powder is the interference with prescription medications. These can cause a wide range of different symptoms depending on the age of the patient. This is why it is important to check with a medical professional before consuming garlic powder and other related products if on medication (15).
Recommendation:
The average serving of garlic powder is approximately ⅛ teaspoon (18).
Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA):
Why is this ingredient added:
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is added to dry and crunchy snacks like Dry Roasted Peanuts to keep the oils fresher for longer (37).
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
BHA also contributes towards de-foaming yeast, especially since autolyzed yeast (yeast that provides nutritional benefits and flavour neutralization) is a rich component in the spice mix of dry roasted peanuts. BHA also helps preserve the fats, flavour, smell, and colour of the peanuts (38).
Potential health risks and HOW those risks occur:
Although BHA is considered “safe” by the FDA, some studies suggest that the consumption of large quantities of BHA can interfere with hormones relating to steroids and birth control. How this occurs is still being studied (38).
Recommendation:
The FDA sets a general range for the amount of BHA consumable for each type of dry product. See the FDA standards for specific information based on type.
Propyl Gallate:
Why is this ingredient added:
Similar to BHA, propyl gallate protects lipid-containing foods (fatty foods) against going stale from peroxide. In addition, propyl gallate helps preserve the flavour, smell, and colour of the peanuts. It also acts as an antioxidant to fight free radicals (which cause mutated cells).
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Peroxide is a highly-acidic substance that can be found in food. As propyl gallate prevents peroxide in oily foods, raw lesion-related problems, including ulcers and stomach burns, can be avoided (32). This ingredient is also an antioxidant (stops oxygen molecules from combining with oil molecules and forming the peroxide), fighting free radicals in the body (13).
Potential health risks and HOW those risks occur:
Several theories suggest that propyl gallate may be a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent), especially when incorporated in conjunction with BHA. Studies have shown this type of outcome in rats, but have yet to confirm the theory in humans. This crystalline substance includes properties known to cause irritation on the skin and in the stomach, which suggests that propyl gallate includes inflammation-inducing chemicals. Allergic reactions involving the respiratory system are also possible, as well as long-term kidney/liver problems, including chronic disease or cancers due to tumour-inhibitor properties and carcinogen-instigators (32).
Recommendation:
More research needed on Propyl gallate with BHA (13).
Citric Acid:
Purpose
Citric acid is naturally found in many fruits, especially limes and lemons, and it is what gives fruits a sour taste (23). Artificial citric acid is usually found in products such as candy and cleaning agents (23). It is used for flavouring and also acts as a preservative (23). Citric acid is one of the most common food additives used in the food industry.
What it does and health effects on the organs:
Citric acid helps metabolize energy, absorb nutrients and protect against kidney stones (23).
Potential health risks:
According to the FDA, citric acid is considered a safe food additive; however, there have been reports from PubMed Central showing side effects such as joint pain with swelling and stiffness, muscular and stomach pain and shortness of breath, although these symptoms have only been observed in individuals who have consumed artificial citric acid (23). Natural citric acid found in products, such as lemons, does not cause these side effects, but these reports have not been confirmed and further studies are required (23).
Recommendation:
As citric acid does not negatively affect the body according to the FDA, there is no limitation or recommended amount for consumption (23, 36). Unbalanced and excessive amounts of artificial citric acid may cause health risks.
Tapioca Dextrin:
Why is this ingredient added:
Tapioca dextrin is a carbohydrate that is commonly known as tapioca starch or flour. It is used as an alternative to glutinous flours and replaces carriers in dry mixes which helps to increase solubility. It acts as a thickener and an adhesive coating for sustenance, and, in some cases, it is used to expand the breading of fried foods.
What it is and possible positive health effects on organs:
Tapioca dextrin is made from cassava, which makes it gluten-free, grain-free, and nut-free. The starch is minorly composed of protein, fat, and fiber. Its minerals include calcium, iron, and a small amount of sodium. It contains very little fat, which helps to lower the risk of heart disease. The starch is also easier to digest, making it a great alternative for those with digestive issues (7).
Potential health risks and HOW those risks occur:
Tapioca starch is nutritionally inferior to other flours due to its lack of nutrients and calories. When eaten raw or processed incorrectly, the cassava (the main source of tapioca dextrin) can naturally release a toxin called cyanide (20). Cyanide is a potentially dangerous chemical that, when given a large dosage, can cause major health problems. The effects of a small dosage of cyanide include nausea and vomiting, dizziness, headaches, rapid breathing, and weakness. When given a large dosage, it can result in loss of consciousness, low blood pressure, lung injury, slow heart rate, convulsions, and death (20).
Recommendation:
The recommended serving size when working with tapioca dextrin is ¼ of a cup (7).
Overview: Seasoning poses potential health risks
Dry roasted peanuts are relatively safe to consume, however, if possible, it is recommended that raw, roasted, or light salted peanuts and nuts are consumed instead due to the seasoning posing potential health risks. Moderation is key when consuming peanuts, including dry roasted peanuts. One should limit themselves to eating about a handful of peanuts per day.
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Credits:
Researcher: Ronak Patel, Ria. S, Merry. O, Ethan. M, Arthur. J
Reviewed by: Karen Giesbrecht (Registered Dietitian)
Editor: Tanya
Graphics: Tiffany Z
Last updated on March 21st, 2022, 5:27 PM PST/PDT
*Disclaimer: Ingredients may vary from company to company and product to product. The information included is for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional. Because of unique individual needs, please consult a registered dietitian for nutrition recommendations that are customized for you.
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